Does targeted positioning of the left ventricular pacing lead towards the latest local electrical activation in cardiac resynchronization therapy reduce the incidence of death or hospitalization for heart failure?

BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves symptoms, health-related quality of life and long-term survival in patients with systolic heart failure (HF) and shortens QRS duration. However, up to one third of patients attain no measurable clinical benefit from CRT. An important determinant of clinical response is optimal choice in left ventricular (LV) pacing site. Observational data have shown that achieving an LV lead position at a site of late electrical activation is associated with better clinical and echocardiographic outcomes compared to standard placement, but mapping-guided LV lead placement towards the site of latest electrical activation has never been investigated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of targeted positioning of the LV lead towards the latest electrically activated area. We hypothesize that this strategy is superior to standard LV lead placement. METHODS: The DANISH-CRT trial is a national, double-blinded RCT (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03280862). A total of 1,000 patients referred for a de novo CRT implantation or an upgrade to CRT from right ventricular pacing will be randomized 1:1 to receive conventional LV lead positioning preferably in a nonapical posterolateral branch of the coronary sinus (CS) (control group) or targeted positioning of the LV lead to the CS branch with the latest local electrical LV activation (intervention group). In the intervention group, late activation will be determined using electrical mapping of the CS. The primary endpoint is a composite of death and nonplanned HF hospitalization. Patients are followed for a minimum of 2 years and until 264 primary endpoints occurred. Analyses will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle. Enrollment for this trial began in March 2018, and per April 2023, a total of 823 patients have been included. Enrollment is expected to be complete by mid-2024. CONCLUSIONS: The DANISH-CRT trial will clarify whether mapping-guided positioning of the LV lead according to the latest local electrical activation in the CS is beneficial for patients in terms of reducing the composite endpoint of death or nonplanned hospitalization for heart failure. Results from this trial are expected to impact future guidelines on CRT. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03280862.

Risk factors for cardiac implantable electronic device infections: a nationwide Danish study.

AIMS: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection is a severe complication to modern management of cardiac arrhythmias. The CIED type and the type of surgery are recognized as risk factors for CIED infections, but knowledge of patient-related risk factors is scarce. This study aimed to identify lifelong patient-related risk factors for CIED infections. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive Danish patients undergoing a CIED implantation or reoperation between January 1996 and April 2018 were included. The cohort consisted of 84 429 patients undergoing 108 494 CIED surgeries with a combined follow-up of 458 257 CIED-years. A total of 1556 CIED explantations were classified as either pocket (n = 1022) or systemic CIED infection (n = 534). Data were cross-linked with records from the Danish National Patient Registry and the Danish National Prescription Registry. Using multiple-record and multiple-event per subject proportional hazard analysis, specific patient-related risk factors were identified but with several variations amongst the subtypes of CIED infection. CIED reoperations were associated with the highest risk of pocket CIED infection but also CIED type, young age, and prior valvular surgery [hazard ratio (HR): 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29-2.04]. Severe renal insufficiency/dialysis (HR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.65-3.49), dermatitis (HR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.92-4.05), and prior valvular surgery (HR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.59-2.75) were associated with the highest risk of systemic CIED infections. Congestive heart failure, ischaemic heart disease, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and temporary pacing were not significant at multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Specific comorbidities and surgical procedures were associated with a higher risk of CIED infections but with variations amongst pocket and systemic CIED infection. Pocket CIED infections were associated with CIED reoperations, young age and more complex type of CIED, whereas systemic CIED infections were associated with risk factors predisposing to bacteraemia.

Troubleshooting the difficult left ventricular lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy: current status and future perspectives.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an important option in modern cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) treatment. Techniques for left ventricular (LV) lead placement in the coronary sinus and its tributaries are neither well described nor studied systematically, despite attention regarding where to place the LV lead. AREAS COVERED: This review presents specialized tools and techniques to overcome some of the most common problems encountered in LV lead placement in CRT. These tools and techniques are termed Interventional CRT (I-CRT), as they share technology with other interventional procedures. The main principle in I-CRT, compared to the traditional over-the-wire technique, is to add better support for delivery of the LV lead through dedicated inner catheters that also allows more flexibility with the use of more guidewires and better imaging with direct venography in the target vein. EXPERT OPINION: Even though CRT is an established therapeutic option, there are still many challenges in the implementation of the therapy. The cornerstone should be an ease of delivering the CRT and specifically implantation of the LV lead. Therefore, knowledge of the principles in I-CRT is necessary, as I-CRT could make implantation simpler in general and easier to reach the optimal LV pacing site.

Electrocardiographic Findings, Arrhythmias, and Left Ventricular Involvement in Familial ST-Depression Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Familial ST-depression syndrome is an inherited disease characterized by persistent, nonischemic ST-deviations, and risk of arrhythmias and heart failure. We aimed at further characterizing the ECG, arrhythmias, and structural characteristics associated with this novel syndrome. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from consecutive families with familial ST-depression Syndrome in Denmark. ECG features, prevalence and type of arrhythmias, occurrence of systolic dysfunction, and medium-term outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty affected individuals (43% men; mean age at diagnosis 49.1 years) from 14 apparently unrelated families with ≥2 affected members were included. Autosomal dominant inheritance was observed in all families. The ECG phenotype seemed to develop in prepuberty and the ST-deviations were persistent and most pronounced in leads V4/V5/II, respectively. Serial ECG analyses showed stable to slow progression of the ECG phenotype. Exercise accentuated the ST-deviations with a maximum difference between rest/stress (mean) of -117 µV in lead V5. During a mean follow-up of 9.3±7.1 years 5 (13%) patients developed sustained ventricular arrhythmias or (aborted) sudden cardiac death, 10 (25%) developed atrial fibrillation, 2 (5%) other supraventricular arrhythmias, and 10 (25%) were diagnosed with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤50%. The ventricular arrhythmias were polymorphic with relatively short-coupled premature ventricular contractions at onset (300-360 ms); no QT prolongation was observed. Seven patients had at least one catheter ablation; 5 for supraventricular arrhythmias and 2 for ventricular arrhythmias. Males experienced more arrhythmic end points than females (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The familial ST-depression ECG phenotype is stable to slowly progressive after medium-term follow-up. Clinically, both supra- and ventricular arrhythmias are common; as are some degree of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Familial ST-depression represent a novel inherited cause of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.

Microbiological diagnosis in cardiac implantable electronic device infections detected by sonication and next-generation sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Device-related infection (DRI) is a severe complication of treatment with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Identification of the causative pathogen is essential for optimal treatment, but conventional methods often are inadequate. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to improve microbiological diagnosis in DRI using sonication and next-generation sequencing analysis. The primary objective was identification of causative pathogens. The secondary objective was estimation of the sensitivity of different microbiological methods in detecting the causative pathogen. METHODS: Consecutive patients with clinical signs of DRI between October 2016 and January 2019 from 3 tertiary centers in Denmark were included in the study. Patients underwent a diagnostic approach, including blood cultures and perioperative collection of microbiological samples (pocket swab, pocket tissue biopsies, generator, and leads). Conventional culturing was performed, and device components were sonicated and examined with an amplicon-based metagenomic analysis using next-generation sequencing. The results were compared with a reference standard-identified causative pathogen. RESULTS: In 110 patients with clinical signs of pocket (n = 50) or systemic DRI (n = 60), we collected 109 pocket swabs, 220 pocket tissue biopsies, 106 generators, 235 leads, and a minimum 1 set of blood cultures from 102 patients. Combining all findings, we identified the causative pathogen in 95% of cases, irrespective of DRI type. The usability of each microbiological method differed between DRI types. In pocket DRI, next-generation sequencing analysis of generators achieved sensitivity of 90%. For systemic DRI, blood cultures reached sensitivity of 93%. CONCLUSION: Using a strategy including sonication and next-generation sequencing, we identified the causative pathogen in 95% of DRI. Sensitivity of microbiological methods differed according to the type of DRI.

Mitral Annulus Calcification and Cardiac Conduction Disturbances: A DANCAVAS Sub-study.

BACKGROUND: Due to its location very close to the bundle of His, mitral annulus calcification (MAC) might be associated with the development of atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbances. This study assessed the association between MAC and AV conduction disturbances identified by cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) use and electrocardiographic parameters. The association between MAC and traditional cardiovascular risk factors was also assessed. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed 14,771 participants, predominantly men aged 60-75 years, from the population-based Danish Cardiovascular Screening trial. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were obtained. Using cardiac non-contrast computed tomography imaging, MAC scores were measured using the Agatston method and divided into absent versus present and score categories. CIED implantation data were obtained from the Danish Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Register. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was available for 2,107 participants. Associations between MAC scores and AV conduction disturbances were assessed using multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: MAC was present in 22.4% of the study subjects. Participants with pacemakers for an AV conduction disturbance had significantly higher MAC scores (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.23) than participants without a CIED, whereas participants with a CIED for other reasons did not. Prolonged QRS-interval was significantly associated with the presence of MAC (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.04-2.04), whereas prolonged PQ-interval was not. Female sex and most traditional cardiovascular risk factors were significantly associated with high MAC scores. CONCLUSIONS: MAC was associated with AV conduction disturbances, which could improve our understanding of the development of AV conduction disturbances.

Quality of life and healthcare utilisation improvements after atrial fibrillation ablation.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) guided by a standardised CLOSE (contiguous optimised lesions) protocol has been shown to increase clinical success after catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). This study analysed healthcare utilisation and quality of life (QOL) outcomes from a large multicentre prospective study, measured association between QOL and atrial fibrillation (AF) burden and identified factors associated with lack of QOL improvement. METHODS: CLOSE-guided ablation was performed in 329 consecutive patients (age 61.4 years, 60.8% male) with drug-refractory PAF in 17 European centres. QOL was measured at baseline and 12 months post-ablation via Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy of Life Survey (AFEQT) and EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L questionnaires. All-cause and cardiovascular hospitalisations and cardioversions over 12 months pre-ablation and post-ablation were recorded. Rhythm monitoring included weekly and symptom-driven trans-telephonic monitoring, plus ECG and Holter monitoring at 3, 6 and 12 months. AF burden was defined as the percentage of postblanking tracings with an atrial tachyarrhythmia ≥30 s. Continuous measures across multiple time points were analysed using paired t-tests, and associations between various continuous measures were analysed using independent sample t-tests. Each statistical test used two-sided p values with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Both QOL instruments showed significant 12-month improvements across all domains: AFEQT score increased 25.1-37.5 points and 33.3%-50.8% fewer patients reporting any problem across EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L domains. Overall, AFEQT improvement was highly associated with AF burden (p=0.009 for <10% vs ≥10% burden, p<0.001 for <20% vs ≥20% burden). Cardiovascular hospitalisations were significantly decreased after ablation (42%, p=0.001). Patients without substantial improvement in AFEQT (55/301, 18.2%) had higher AFEQT and CHA2DS2-VASc scores at baseline, and higher AF burden following PVI. CONCLUSIONS: QOL improved and healthcare utilisation decreased significantly after ablation with a standardised CLOSE protocol. QOL improvement was significantly associated with impairment at baseline and AF burden after ablation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03062046.

Pulmonary vein isolation using Ablation Index improves outcome in patients with atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: To evaluate the clinical outcome of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) comparing a strategy using Ablation Index (AI) and lesion contiguity with Contact Force (CF) only. METHODS: In a single-center retrospective design, we included 479 patients with AF (n=341 (71.2%) paroxysmal AF (PAF) and n=138 (28.8%) persistent AF (PeAF)) treated with first time radiofrequency ablation. In 2015, 210 patients underwent PVI based on a drag-and-ablate technique using CF only. In 2017, 269 patients underwent point-by-point PVI using AI and a maximum inter-lesion distance of 6 mm ensuring contiguity. Follow-up was performed after 12 months. Outcome was freedom from documented AF/atrial tachycardia (AT) after single procedure without use of anti-arrhythmic drugs at follow-up. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the groups. The median procedure time and mean ablation time were significantly longer in the AI-group compared to the CF-group (131.5[113;156] min vs. 120.0[97;140] min, P < 0.01) and (44.1±10.0 min vs. 37.1±13.3 min, P < 0.01), respectively. Freedom from documented AF/AT was significantly higher in the AI-group compared to the conventional CF -group (71.0% vs. 62.4%, P = 0.046). The improvement in clinical outcome in the AI group is mainly driven by the outcome in patients with PeAF (64.9% vs. 50.0%, P = 0.078) and not PAF. CONCLUSIONS: An ablation strategy combining AI and lesion contiguity improves the clinical outcome after first time PVI in patients with AF compared to a strategy using CF only.

Standardized pulmonary vein isolation workflow to enclose veins with contiguous lesions: the multicentre VISTAX trial.

AIMS: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of pulmonary vein isolation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) using a standardized workflow aiming to enclose the veins with contiguous and optimized radiofrequency lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS: This multicentre, prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at 17 European sites. Pulmonary vein isolation was guided by VISITAG SURPOINT (VS target ≥550 on the anterior wall; ≥400 on the posterior wall) and intertag distance (≤6 mm). Atrial arrhythmia recurrence was stringently monitored with weekly and symptom-driven transtelephonic monitoring on top of standard-of-care monitoring (24-h Holter and 12-lead electrocardiogram at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up). Three hundred and forty participants with drug refractory PAF were enrolled. Acute effectiveness (first-pass isolation proof to a 30-min wait period and adenosine challenge) was 82.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 77.4-86.7%]. At 12-month follow-up, the rate of freedom from any documented atrial arrhythmia was 78.3% (95% CI 73.8-82.8%), while freedom from atrial arrhythmia by standard-of-care monitoring was 89.4% (95% CI 78.8-87.0%). Freedom fromrepeat ablations by the Kaplan-Meier analysis was 90.4% during 12 months of follow-up. Of the 34 patients with repeat ablations, 14 (41.2%) demonstrated full isolation of all pulmonary vein circles. Primary adverse event (PAE) rate was 3.6% (95% CI 1.9-6.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The VISTAX trial demonstrated that a standardized PAF ablation workflow aiming for contiguous lesions leads to low rates of PAEs, high acute first-pass isolation rates, and 12-month freedom from arrhythmias approaching 80%. Further research is needed to improve the reproducibility of the outcomes across a wider range of centres.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03062046, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03062046.

Predictive Markers of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major cause of cardio-embolism in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Insertable cardiac monitors (ICM) make long-term monitoring for AF possible, but limited health care resources make patient selection important. AF is associated with atherosclerosis and markers of this could potentially be used to guide AF monitoring. METHODS AND RESULTS: One-hundred fourteen TIA-patients without AF were thoroughly monitored for AF with ECG, 72-hour Holter monitoring and ICM with a median monitoring time of 2.2 years. Patients with AF (n = 18) were significantly older than patients without AF (age 71.1 versus 64.4 years, P = .008) but were otherwise similar in regards to comorbidities. AF patients had significantly thicker carotid intima-media and also more often presence of carotid plaques than patients without AF, but no difference was found after adjusting for age and sex. No difference in noncontrast cardiac CT calculated coronary artery calcium score was found between the 2 groups. Serum biomarkers did not differ between groups, except for brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), where patients with BNP in the upper tertile were more likely to have AF than patients with BNP in the lowest tertile, odds ratio 5.96 (95% confidence interval 1.04-34.07, P = .045). CONCLUSIONS: Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium score were poor predictors of AF in patients with TIA. Apart from BNP, the examined biomarkers (hs-CRP, MR-proADM, c-TnI, copeptin) had no predictive value, but larger scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.

The Danish in-hospital cardiac arrest registry (DANARREST).

Aim of database: The aim of DANARREST is to collect data on processes of care and outcomes for patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest in Denmark, and thereby facilitate and monitor quality and quality improvement initiatives. Study population: In-hospital cardiac arrest patients with a clinical indication for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Denmark. Main variables: DANARREST includes a number of descriptive variables as well as seven quality of care indicators; four related to processes of care and three related to clinical outcomes. The four process measures are related to whether the cardiac arrest was witnessed, whether the cardiac arrest was ECG-monitored, the timing of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the timing of the first rhythm analysis. The three outcomes measures include return of spontaneous circulation, 30-day survival, and 1-year survival. Database status: DANARREST started in 2013, and the coverage has increased steadily since. As of 2017, 95% of relevant hospitals are reporting data with an estimated coverage rate of approximately 80%. Conclusion: DANARREST is a relatively new national registry of in-hospital cardiac arrests in Denmark, with a high coverage rate. The registry provides an opportunity to monitor and improve quality of care for patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Left atrial volume index and left ventricular global longitudinal strain predict new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with transient ischemic attack.

This study aimed to investigate different echocardiographic parameters for predicting atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA). Echocardiography was performed in 110 patients (median age 65.8 years, 53% males) with TIA and no history of stroke or AF. All patients underwent monitoring with ECG and 72 h Holter-monitoring, and if no AF was found, an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) was implanted and patients were followed for a median of 2.2 years. AF was found in 14 patients: five with Holter-monitoring and nine with ICM. AF patients had significantly larger left atrial (LA) volumes indexes compared to patients without AF (26.7 vs. 33.7 ml/m2, P = 0.03 for 2D images and 26.5 vs. 33.5 ml/m2, P = 0.0008 for 3D images). Patients with AF also had depressed LA function assessed with LA emptying fraction measured with 2D echocardiography (46.3 vs. 57.3%, P = 0.005 for patients with and without AF, respectively). Patients with AF also had depressed left ventricular (LV) function compared to patients without AF. LV ejection fraction was 55 versus 61%, P = 0.04 in patients with and without AF, respectively. LV global longitudinal strain (absolute value) was 16.7 in patients with AF compared to 21.2 in patients without AF (P = 0.001). Echocardiographic measurements of LA and LV size and function can noninvasively predict AF in patients with TIA and could potentially be used to guide AF monitoring strategy.

Subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with recent transient ischemic attack.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor of stroke, but the association between AF and transient ischemic attack (TIA) is less clear. Despite this, patients with TIA are included in stroke trials. AIMS: To determine the 1-year incidence of AF in TIA patients using an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM); second, to determine factors associated with incident AF in these patients. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of patients with TIA with normal standard electrocardiogram (ECG) and 72-hour Holter monitoring (HM). Exclusion criteria were as follows: age < 18 or > 81 years; prior AF/stroke; ongoing oral anticoagulation therapy or contraindication for it; significant carotid artery stenosis; uncertain TIA diagnosis. Eligible patients received an ICM and were followed for 12 months. RESULTS: From November 2013 to October 2015, 809 patients were diagnosed with TIA. In total, 235 patients were eligible. Nine (3.8%) of these had AF on standard ECG or HM. Of the remaining patients, 121 refused ICM implantation. In total, 105 patients (median age 65.4 years [range 27.1-80.8], 46% males) received an ICM, which revealed AF in 7 (6.7%). Factors associated with new-onset AF were a history of recurrent TIA (odds ratio [OR] 11.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-63.6) and heart failure (OR 12.7, 95% CI 1.71-96.83). CONCLUSIONS: The 1-year incidence of AF in TIA patients with normal ECG and HM was 6.7% using an ICM. Factors associated with development of AF were recurrent TIA and heart failure.

Living with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: patients' preferences and needs for information provision and care options.

AIMS: The clinical management and care of patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has shifted from face-to-face in-clinic visits to remote monitoring. Reduced interactions between patients and healthcare professionals may impede patients' transition to adapting post-implant. We examined patients' needs and preferences for information provision and care options and overall satisfaction with treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients implanted with a first-time ICD or defibrillator with cardiac resynchronization therapy (n = 389) within the last 2 years at Odense University Hospital were asked to complete a purpose-designed and standardized set of questionnaires. The level of satisfaction with information provision was high; only 13.1% were dissatisfied. Psychological support for patients (39.9%), their relatives (43.1%), and deactivation of the ICD towards end of life (47.8%) were among the top five topics that patients reported to have received no information about. The top five care options that patients had missed were talking to the same healthcare professional (75.2%), receiving ongoing feedback via remote monitoring (61.1%), having a personal conversation with a staff member 2-3 weeks post-implant (59.6%), having an exercise tolerance test (52.5%), and staff asking how patients felt while hospitalized (50.4%). Patients with a secondary prevention indication and cardiac arrest survivors had specific needs, including a wish for a psychological consult post-discharge. CONCLUSION: Despite a high satisfaction level with information provision, particular topics are not broached with patients (e.g. device activation) and patients have unmet needs that are not met in current clinical practice.

Effect of permanent pacemaker on mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established treatment for high-grade aortic valve stenosis in patients found unfit for open heart surgery. The method may cause cardiac conduction disorders requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation, and the long-term effect of PPM implantation remains ambiguous. Design One hundred sixty-eight patients who underwent TAVI from 2008 to 2012 were included. Patient characteristics, ECGs and PPM data were collected through medical records. Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: Forty subjects were excluded, leaving 128 patients for final inclusion. 41 (32%) received a PPM (mean age 82 vs. 80 in patients without PPM, p = .06) within 30 days of the TAVI procedure. Median follow-up was ∼4 years and 37 (29%) died. One-year mortality was 14% for non-PPM patients vs. 2% in PPM patients, and mortality at 5yrs 70% vs. 54%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed higher mortality in patients without PPM (p = .008). In multivariate survival analysis significant variables were: No PPM (HR 2.6; CI 1.1-6.2; p = .03), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 2.4; CI 1.2-5.0; p = .02) and either pre- or post-procedural chronic or paroxystic atrial fibrillation (HR 2.3; CI 1.2-4.7; p= .02). CONCLUSION: TAVI-patients with a PPM had better survival than patients in whom a PPM was not implanted.

Low Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major cause of stroke. Therefore, all patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) should be examined with 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and continuous monitoring to detect AF. Current guidelines recommend at least 24 h continuous ECG monitoring, which is primarily based on studies investigating patients with ischemic stroke. The aim of our study was to investigate the diagnostic yield of 12-lead ECG and Holter monitoring in patients with TIA. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated all patients diagnosed with TIA at Odense University Hospital, Denmark, from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. TIA was a clinical diagnosis according to the WHO definition. Patients received admission ECG and 72-hour Holter monitoring after discharge. RESULTS: 171 patients without known AF were diagnosed with TIA. Four (2.3%) were diagnosed with AF on admission ECG. Another 2 (1.2%) were diagnosed with AF on Holter monitoring. In total, 6 patients (3.5%) were diagnosed with AF. Patients with AF were significantly older (mean age 79.4 [95% CI 65.1-93.6] years) than patients without AF (mean age 67.6 [95% CI 65.6-69.5] years) but otherwise showed no difference in baseline characteristics. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective study, patients with TIA had a low incidence of AF detected with ECG and 72-hour Holter monitoring. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

[Infrequent arrhythmia episodes diagnosed by a smartphone-based event recorder]. / Paroksystisk atrieflimren påvist ved hjælp af en smartphone

Smartphone-based ECG monitor devices are a new promising tool for rhythm detection in patients with palpitations. We present a case where a young patient with infrequent arrhythmia episodes was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation using this novel smartphone-based event recorder.